An Argument Against Auteur Theory. - 2750 Words

Auteurism: A Disease of Greatness. The term Auteur seems to bless a privileged group of filmmakers with an almost messiah-like legacy. Men such as Alfred Hitchcock, John Ford and Fritz Lange are believed to inhabit the ranks of the cinematic elite, and not surprisingly most critics are more than willing to bestow upon them the title of Auteur. By regarding filmmaking as yet another form of art, Auteur theory stipulates that a film is the direct result of its directors genius. With the emerging prominence of auteur based criticism in the 1950?s, the role of the director became increasingly integral to a films success. However most would argue that this form of criticism didnt reach its apex until 1960s, when Andrew Sarris released his†¦show more content†¦He merely didnt adhere to a set of criteria which could safely classify his work as art. When asked why he was not respected by American critics, as he is in Europe, Corman responded, Ordinarly there is a great deal of snobbery from American film critics, they will accept a film by Stanley Kramer as a work of art before they see it, or a film from a European director...but they unloose their ire against low or medium budget Hollywood productions3 Considered one of the greatest of all American directors, John Ford would no doubt be regarded an auteur by those who choose to utilize the phrase. One can imagine Ford carefully weaving beautiful images of monument valley, to fulfill his artistic allegories, or demanding the most effective of performances from a cast who manage to convey the emotions which stir inside this most American of auteurs. Just as Corman seems to put a great deal of philosophical thought into crafting what many consider to be simple films, Ford seems to suggest that his cinematic choices are often over-analyzed. In an interview with fellow western film director Burt Kennedy, Ford was asked about some of these choices, which have come to define much of his style, and his answers are surprisingly simplistic. When questioned about his connection to Monument Valley, and the reasoning behind choosing that location, Ford responded I knewShow MoreRelatedAuteur Theory 11662 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"†¦ As f ar as I know, there is no definition of the auteur theory in the English language, that is, by an American or British critic† (Sarris 1962) was the opening line to Andrew Sarris’s famous â€Å"Notes on the Auteur Theory in 1962† essay. This essay is what brought the â€Å"auteur theory† in to the spotlight in the USA. And to today, this theory is still in hot debate. Trying to figure out whether or not the director is the lone â€Å"auteur† of a film is a tough claim to make. In an article for Slate MagazineRead MoreScorsese1744 Words   |  7 PagesUse a range of auteur theories to examine the work of two significant directors you have studied on this module. One director should have produced the majority of their work prior to 1960 and the other should have produced it from the 1970s onwards. Discuss the origins and main developments of auteur theory then examine the works of Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese with relevance to their status as auteur directors. In having their films examined as auteurs of the cinema, both Howard HawksRead More Auteur Theory: Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese Essay examples1722 Words   |  7 PagesUse a range of auteur theories to examine the work of two significant directors you have studied on this module. One director should have produced the majority of their work prior to 1960 and the other should have produced it from the 1970s onwards. Discuss the origins and main developments of auteur theory then examine the works of Howard Hawks and Martin Scorsese with relevance to their status as auteur directors. In having their films examined as auteurs of the cinema, both Howard HawksRead MoreProposal for a Animation Dissertation3013 Words   |  13 Pageschapter to Marshall McLuhan’s theories of the postmodern effect of globalisation through the Internet and how new media has changed the face of film and the way practitioners can operate within visual culture. 2. Auteurism – career momentum that outlasts the diminishment of practitioner’s talents. This dissertation would have explored the effect on a director that being branded an auteur can have. The paper would have formed a discussion on how being branded an auteur early in a filmmakers careerRead MoreThe Genre Of Cult Film1741 Words   |  7 Pagescult film, and how it is completely subversive to the high concept films of popular culture. In addition to this, those who construct and encode ideologies and messages into cult films need to know and implement a repertoire of elements that will go against the pleasures of recognition and provide a more sophisticated and untraditional narrative experience. Whether through manipulating time and space, or providing powerful subject matter, it is through these technical and visual codes that the text willRead More Definition Essay - Genre1750 Words   |  7 Pagesremains loose, since Aristotle establishes genre in terms of both convention and historical observation, and defines genre in terms of both convention and purpose. In Anatomy of Criticism (1957) Northrop Frye wrote, We discover that the critical theory of genre is stuck precisely where Aristotle left it. The very word genre sticks out in an English sentence as the unpronounceable and alien thing it is (Frye, 13). It is a French word imported directly into the English language, derived from theRead MoreVoltaire s Candide - Denouncing Providence1503 Words   |  7 Pagesoptimistic philosopher’s theories surrounding providence and human will. His main purpose in Candide was to ridicule a German optimistic philosopher known as Gottfried Leibniz, who stated that God is beneficiary, and we are in the best of all possible worlds, relating to predetermined harmony. Medicinae doctor, Thomas J. Papadimos in Voltaire s Candide, medical students, and mentoring writes that Voltaire wrote Candide â€Å"as an objection to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz s theory that God created the universeRead MoreAnalysis Of Francois Truffaut s The 400 Blows ( 1959 ) A nd Jean Luc Godard s Breathless ( 1960 )2650 Words   |  11 Pagesknown as a pioneer of the French New Wave, and additionally, a significant contributor to the â€Å"auteur† theory – or â€Å"la politique des auteurs†. This was the notion that a good director ought to leave an authorial trace upon the work by implementing his/her personal style and imbuing the frames with his/her unique vision of the finished product (Hayward 467). One valuable illumination concerning this theory is that it urges â€Å"one look to the specifically filmic elements of the work in order to read theRead MoreExploring The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Term Queer 2598 Words   |  11 Pagesmodern society, the derogatory meaning behind the term has become much less used, and instead has been reclaimed in a positive light to describe the entire LGBT+ community. Coined from this comes ‘‘queer’ Theory’, which effectively reopened the links between gender a nd sexuality. With ‘‘queer’ Theory’ seeking to prove that identities do not determine who we are, with its constant fluidity, the term itself resides amongst previous gay and lesbian studies, but also looks at the sociological influencesRead MorePost Modernism Of Baz Luhrmann s Film Adaptation Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet3440 Words   |  14 Pageshas played a role in Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet. Postmodernism has been given many definitions. Some say it’s simply the outlook that the generation of late twenty first century has on life which entails the mistrust and dismissal of theories that existed before such as religion, ethics and law. According to these youths, the difference between right and wrong or what the meaning of life is based solely on that individual’s perspective. In film, the idea of postmodernism is somewhat similar

Study Of Components Of Air Traffic Services - 6055 Words

Internship Report On STUDY OF COMPONENTS OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES Submitted to Amity University Uttar Pradesh In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelorof Technology by Utssav Rishi Bhatnagar Under the guidance of Faculty Guides: Industrial guides: Mr. Sachin Rajput Mr. S.R.Mahto DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA(U.P.) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I will take this opportunity to thank Amity University for providing me the opportunity of doing research on a topic in the form of an internship. I will also like to thank our Head of Department Dr. M.K. Dutta for his encouragement and support throughout for the successful completion of the project work. I will like thank my assigned facultie Mr. Sachin Rajput for his valuable guidance and support. I would like to express our sincere gratitude to my industrial guide Mr. S.R Mahto .. He has been very kind and helpful to me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Guides for their help during the course of the project right from selection of the project, their constant encouragement, expert academic and practical guidance. I would also like to thank my parents without them nothing would have been possible. Utssav CERTIFICATE This is toShow MoreRelatedEssay On Shuttle Services980 Words   |  4 PagesShuttle Services in the National Park System In 2016, 330,971,689 visited the fifty-eight national parks, containing over eighty million acres of public land, within the United States for outdoor recreation. (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions (U.S. National Park Service). With this large influx of visitors, there are some major negative impacts to the delicate ecosystems in each park. After visiting seven of our National Parks and seeing the mass amounts of people and traffic on public lands, I wonderedRead MoreThe Goal Of Effective Airline Scheduling753 Words   |  4 Pages Problem Statement The ultimate goal of effective airline scheduling is to optimize customer service (Wensveen, 2011). In the airline industry, a critical component of the customer experience is related to on-time performance. The ability of an airline to achieve acceptable levels of on-time performance can be significantly impacted by airport capacities because airport capacity is directly link to airport congestion. Delays and congestion directly impact the airlines by increased fuelRead MoreINDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry analysis is a study in which helps us to understand business and its1100 Words   |  5 PagesINDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry analysis is a study in which helps us to understand business and its environment like trade and services, manufacturing, etc. Industry analysis gives assistance in investment business decisions, future opportunities by forecasting. The objective reveals the technique industry practices to face their competition and to achieve profits and the factors behind for their success. The assessment of company’s performance for investors in making investing decisions either buyingRead MoreAirline Deregulation1587 Words   |  7 Pagesproductivity, and the public has seen significant decreases in fares. The effects that Airline deregulation has had are generally a positive effect on the industry. This essay examines how further deregulation of the federally controlled and owned air traffic control systems will allow for further growth of the industry in the future. Airline Deregulation In 1978, economic policy experienced a dramatic event that would change the airline industry for decades to come. The United States Airline DeregulationRead MoreWestjet And Air Canada Flights From Prince George2599 Words   |  11 Pagesairlines and the full-service one in managing the flight turnaround time. Thus, this study strives to examine the operational component of the turnaround time of the WestJet and Air Canada flights from Prince George in 2011 in order to explore their similarities and differences. In order to achieve the research aim, this study uses secondary data gathered from various sources, including journal articles, airline’s reports, Prince George airport’s reports, and other relevant. This study has already foundRead MoreIndi The Architecture Of Community956 Words   |  4 Pagesoffers mobility and access to people in accomplishing their daily tasks. Technological advancement and rise in incomes have made people to rely more on private mode of t ransport due to poor services by public transport agencies in India. This rise in the use of private mode of transportation has increased the traffic congestion since the structure of Indian cities are dense and have mixed land use. To address the urban issues like housing, transport system, poverty alleviation in Indian cities, JawaharlalRead MoreCurrent Situation Of The Indian Aviation Sector Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Traffic within South Asia is expected to grow at 9.9% annually over the next 20 years and the Indian aviation sector is expected to be at the forefront of this growth. But the aviation sector while having shown stellar growth rate of 8 – 12 % in the last decade will need some dire reforms to achieve this. Currently the industry is facing several issues which hinder its growth in the form of government policies, regulations and strategies. Like any industry while in its fledgling stateRead MoreDesign Concept : Requirements And Needs1618 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of the Free State South Africa By: Jurie Swart Serving as a good example with reference to bio-mimicry, latching to existing structures and state of the art laboratory facilities, the theses project Borderline was selected as a case study for the building typology. Linear formed to adapt to its site and merge with the existing column structures juxtaposing and creating a ‘tabula rasa’. Swart (2014) [online]. The layout of the two laboratories with diverse functions form aRead MoreExample Of Positional Data1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdata in the three-dimensional space (latitude, longitude, and altitude) for EWR arrival flights, including all minute-by-minute arrival flight tracks were selected from FAA Aircraft Situation Display to Industry (ASDI) data services. The ASDI information consists of components like flight plans, position reports, flight diversions, and cancellations. The position reports were the updates of aircraft positions every time when the computers were aware of a position amend (i.e. every 12 seconds forRead MoreCase Study Southwest Airlines 20111207 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Case Study – Southwest Airlines 2011 By Dawn Baumann Advanced Marketing Professor Nicole Dillett September 29, 2014 As I develop in mind, body, and spirit, I pledge on my honor that I have not given, received, witnessed nor have knowledge of unauthorized aid on this or any paper. Dawn Baumann Background Summary: Southwest airlines was founded in Texas in 1971 as a small, regional intra-state carrier. They chose to service the Golden Triangle of

Taxation on Australian Resident and Case Laws on Ordinary Income

Question: Discuss about the Residential Test and Case Laws on Ordinary Income. Answer: Residential Test An inhabitant for cost purposes behind existing is at risk to compensation charge on pay from all sources, while non-inhabitants for evaluation outlines are quite recently subject to wage charge in Australia on their wage from Australian sources. There are four tests to make sense of if an individual is an inhabitant for cash charge purposes: in the occasion that they are making responsibilities to a Commonwealth superannuation store, in Australia for more than a substantial segment of the year, have their living arrangement or constant spot of residence Australia, or in the occasion that they tolerate forever or for a huge time in Australia. (Lang, 2014) An association will be seen as an Australian tenant for assessment accumulation purposes if it falls under any of the going with three criteria: joined in Australia, carries on business inside Australia and Australian central organization and control, or carries on business in Australian and it is controlled by Australian inhabitant shareholders. There are diverse issues while considering living course of action in association with the wellspring of wage. Singular exertion pay is resolved where the organizations are performed and for an advantage making activity compensation is the place the assertion is performed. Property wage is resolved where the property is discovered, premium pay where the money is advanced and benefit wage where the paying association is found.(Eccleston, 2015) Impermanent tenants are at risk to a similar capital increases charge (CGT) administers as remote inhabitants. Regardless, there are specific standards where the CGT asset is an offer or right acquired under a laborer offer arrangement and you are, or have been, an impermanent occupant This infers if you are a short tenant, you will be at risk to CGT on CGT events that happen to assessable Australian property. Individual is a transient tenant if he/she: hold a brief visa yielded under the Migration Act 1958 are not an Australian tenant inside the significance of the Social Security Act 1991 try not to have a life partner of an Australian tenant inside the criticalness of the Social Security Act 1991. Further, as per segment 6-5(1) of the ITAA 1997, joins into assessable wage, wage as appeared by typical musings. Wage as exhibited by 'consistent contemplations' is not depicted but rather is thought to be what aggregates to what individuals would traditionally consider to be wage, or which fits inside the perspective based law considered wage.(Barkoczy, 2017) There have been different court decisions on whether a total is compensation and when it is resolved. Once in a while where the courts have picked a total is not typical pay, the courses of action of the ITAA have been amended to unequivocally consolidate into pay the aggregates from that activity. Along these lines aggregates decided in practically identical conditions would be joined into assessable pay by methods for the STATUTORY INCOME courses of action. There is generally thought to be three sections of ordinary wage. Pay from individual exertion (eg. pay and wages) Pay from property (eg. lease, benefits, intrigue) Pay from carrying on a business (eg. Retail bargains, developing) While each of these portions are fused into assessable pay, it is basic to remember them as a couple reasons are penniless whereupon characterization of wage the finding relates to, eg whether a man is carrying on a business. Further according to as indicated by Ruling 92/3, regardless of whether an advantage from a segregated trade is compensation as demonstrated by the normal thoughts and uses of humankind depends particularly on the states of the case. In any case, an advantage from an isolated trade is generally pay when both of the going with segments are accessible: (a) the point or motivation driving the national in going for the exchange to make preference or get; and (b) the exchange was gone into, and the preferred standpoint made over the cross of carrying on a profession or business or in completing a operation of business or business exchange. In the given case, Kit was chosen for occupation in Australia and indicated a simultaneousness with the relationship there. All through the previous four years, wife of Kit has lived in Australia with their two kids. They purchased a home in Australia three years earlier and getting compensation over yonder and having home of three years of age and with some speculation portfolio. Subsequently, according to above arrangements of segment 6-5(1) of the ITAA 1997 and four test arrangements of dwelling test or more temporary exchanges came about that Kit is a short lived tenant and his pay wage and speculation wage is recently subject to CGT in Australia on any points of interest that are assessable Australian property. Case Laws on Ordinary Income Explanations of Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159: For this situation, the Commissioner closes (actually) that each case depends on upon its own specific convictions that is, a weighing up of the factors driving returns, the hypothesis framework, the legitimate archive and the substance of the trade. Reference should in like manner be made to the heading in TR 1992/3 Whether benefits on separated trades are wage. Shockingly this flimsiness in unlikely to be resolved without definitive change. In reality, even where the issue is arraigned, the examination required on a case by case introduce may not give clear decide that apply to all private esteem trades. As requirements be, insecurity may remain for private esteem substances and the risk that the Commissioner may hope to treat increments made on the exchange of advantages as pay augmentations will undermine money related pro and business division assurance.(Saad, 2014) Explanations of Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 For this situation, the High Court held that the association, by partaking in the subdivision and diverse activities, had just figured out how to make sense of it the range in the most beneficial way, and that the advantage was in this way not assessable. Regardless, the legitimate scene in a general sense balanced after the High Court's decision in the Whitford's Beach case in 1982 which at any rate limited the usage of the Scottish Australian Mining case. Explanations of FCT v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd 82 ATC 4031 In light of current circumstances, Mason J's earnest judgment appears to revoke the decision in the Scottish Australia Mining case, however the judgment of Gibbs CJ just apparently limits its future application. The degree of the Whitfords Beach decision was in this manner reached out for Stevenson's circumstance where the individual commitment of the national in clearly influencing the sub-division was of earnest criticalness.(Evans, 2015) Explanations of Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In the given case, the hopefuls' charm against the wage charge constrained for the wage year 1982 must be allowed. The Court makes the going with solicitations: 1.The progress be allowed and the dissent against evaluation dated 25 July 1983 be kept up. 2.The assessment in light of pay induced in the midst of the year completed 30 June 1982 and issued to the competitors by notice dated 31 May 1983 be decreased by the measure of $62,884. 3.The Commissioner pay the applicants' costs of the offer. Explanations of Casimaty v FCT 97 ATC 5135 Ryan J implied the going with remarks of Lockhart J at p 4625 for Crow's circumstance in discussing whether the offer of property was an irrelevant affirmation or an exhibit done in the doing of a business: In accomplishing this view, the trade was not done in an effective way regard was also had to the way that the national did not grasp any work past what was essential to secure the underwriting of the metropolitan forces of the dynamic game plans of subdivision or enhance the introduction of individual packages. That is, in direct many-sided quality to Stevenson's case, the resident did not particularly advance for pending purchasers or manufacture staying houses, internal fencing or distinctive updates that would be normal for a man carrying on business as a region fashioner. Suitably, Ryan J held that the subject had obtained and continued holding "Acton View" fundamentally for private and basic era purposes.(Grubert, 2016) Explanations of Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In the given case, the court said for the association here that its arrangement or plan had not advanced to the time when it would have thought about an arrangement. Such a dispute expects, to the point that the association would not have contemplated an arrangement before the departure of the sand slopes. There was no finding to that effect and, given the Tribunal's revelations as to Mr Roche's points, it has all the earmarks of being hard to us to vulnerability that if a buyer had come offering an engaging expense for the territory, early of its being set up for subdivision, the association would have engaged that offer upon its business merits. We think this case is discernable from Kratzmann's case, since offer of the region, yet agreeable with the vital securing, was the fulfillment of an authoritative inspiration driving the association in association with the range. We in this manner expel the free convenience made by direction for the engaging party considering Kratzmann's ca se. In the result they discharge the offer with costs.(Miller, n.d.) Explanations of Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 In the given case, the confirmation here endorses that a business in property progress exists. This demonstrates any advancement of this nature would be in the standard course of this business. The exchange ought not to be looked detachment, yet fairly controlled by the general exercises of the individual. The exchange is not a disconnected business exchange, yet rather an exchange inside the standard course of business. The capital expands charge game plans don't have any kind of effect to allow a capital incident. To the extent that the disaster is a sensible decision, there is a decreasing in the cost base. Explanations of McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 For this situation, the court Said the inhabitants yielded at all conditions that the favored point of view settled on the offer of unit 1 was assessable. Why this was so has not been cleared up. Regardless, there is in assertion a letter from the accountant for the McCurry family to the Australian Taxation Office dated 8 March 1995, which put forward the case that the desire of Bradley and Brett had been to erect three townhouses upon the Addison Avenue property, to offer unit 1 for ideal position however to use units 2 and 3 as private homes. The clerk consequently surrendered the favored point of view from unit 1 was not assessable. The contention put forward by the accountant did not accord with the affirmation given by Bradley and Brett McCurry in these frameworks and was not sought a large number of. Regardless, that appears to have been the wellspring of the concession that the favored point of view from unit 1 was assessable pay. The ask for of the Court will be that the appl ications are discharged with expenses.(Avi-Yonah, 2015) References Avi-Yonah, R.S., 2015.Advanced introduction to international tax law. Edward Elgar Publishing. Barkoczy, S., 2017. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Eccleston, R. and Warren, N., 2015. The devil is in the detail: the distributional consequences of personal income tax sharing in the Australian federation. Evans, C., Minas, J. and Lim, Y., 2015. Taxing personal capital gains in Australia: an alternative way forward. Grubert, H. and Altshuler, R., 2016. Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent. Lang, M., 2014.Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075.

World Politics an Example by

World Politics THERE is an old saying that goes something like this: It makes a difference whose ox is being gored. The point of this saying is that the same event can look different to different people. It depends upon each ones background and interest in the matter. It is usually easier for a person to be generous and unprejudiced about a problem as long as he is not too closely involved. But what happens if the problem moves into his own backyard, as it were? Then he may be prone to view it in a different light. Need essay sample on "World Politics" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Nations are like people in this respect, except that their attitudes affect millions of persons and the course of world history. As long as a problem does not touch a nation directly, it can be very noble and generous in its outlook. But as soon as the national interest is directly involved, it may quickly change its stance. So it is that two countries can take completely opposite views of the same problem or point of history. However, this does not mean that one (or both) is deliberately lying, though that could be the case. Indeed, they may not even be aware that they are presenting almost totally different interpretations of the same events. A look at a few historical situations will reveal that this is true. It will help readers to appreciate that misunderstandings between nations are almost unavoidable under todays political systems. It also emphasizes how badly all mankind needs a better system of government. The average citizen of the United States is aware of certain facts about Canada, the vast country that lies to his north. But his information may not go much beyond knowing that there are descendants of the British, French and Americans living there, that they see the northern lights, and that the Mounted Police always get their man. If he is old enough he may have heard about the Dionne quintuplets. One of such facts the average American assumes is that for the past two centuries Canadians as a whole have loved Americans. Indeed, he may feel that Canadians would no doubt have been willing to become a part of the United States if the British or Canadian governments would have permitted it. Beyond this knowledge, there are many other things that the US government doesnt know about Canada. However, with the existing relationship within Canada and the US today, it is pretty obvious how the two countries have tried a lot in mending the shortcomings of both governments to each other. Through the International trade, there has been competition between the two, but amidst the economic struggling that happens in the International trade; both countries try to connect the differences they have against each other. Politically, there are still some existing misunderstandings between Canada and the United States. Although this is true, many analysts believe that both governments would be able to make amends with all these issues because of diplomacy and the application of human rights law and other international relationship principles. Indeed it is still undeniable that Political conflicts usually occur between neighboring countries especially with regards to economic struggles. However, if diplomacy is considered, these conflicts could be given way and set aside for some time, for the sake of the bigger public. Question: What are some of the most serious threats to democracy in Latin America today? TODAY, many Third World countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are impoverished and hindered in countless ways. People in many of these lands accuse their existing governments and local religious leaders of oppression. Others blame their current problems on foreign debt. Today, aside from all the oppression and governments authority abuse as claimed by some Latinos, it is quite sure that the government of Latin America and the society living around it is alarmed in living less democratic lives in the near future. Among the reasons behind this is the Political situation within the territories of the said country. According to Donald B.Schulz in his article The growing threat to democracy in Latin America, he said that Perus troubled electoral processes in the year 2001 indicates the on going threat to the Latin American democracy. Among the main reasons referred to by political analysts is the justice development of Latin America. With the development of the judicial processes and contents of the laws of the Latin American governments, it is quite obvious how the enhanced status of the Latin American laws have directly affected the democracy of the society of the said social section. Certainly, anything that is too much is not good. Even laws which are supposed to secure the human community begin to have less effective ways of protecting the society once it is abused. Indeed, everything should remain in a balanced way especially with regards to social acceptance. Bibliography Stanley Hoffman. (2002). Clash of Globalizations. Council of Foreign Relations Incorporated. Schulz, Donald. (2001). The Growing Threat to Democracy in Latin America. https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-73000542/the-growing-threat-to-democracy-in-latin-america. (October 7, 2006).

The Role of Behavioural Economics in Energy and Climate Policy

Introduction â€Å"Can the insights of behavioural economics help fight climate change?† (Gunther 2009, p. 1). The above statement describes the question most economists have asked themselves as they try to formulate sound policy recommendations regarding energy and climate change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Behavioural Economics in Energy and Climate Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The behavioural economic approach is considered unique to other conventional energy and climate change policies because policymakers usually focus on technology as the premise for formulating useful energy and climate change policies. The focus on technology has birthed many recommendations that propose the need to adopt more environmentally friendly technology such as solar power and wind power. Since the use of environmentally friendly technology has been the focus for economic and environmental debat es, the role of human behaviour in influencing energy and climate change policy has been rarely addressed. Amir (2005) observes that human behaviour can be a very useful tool for influencing energy and climate change policies â€Å"in particular the irrational, emotional, self-defeating, short-term, inconsiderate and plain old silly human behaviour that most of us engage in every day† (Amir 2005, p. 1). Many tenets of human behaviour have interested behavioural economists as they explore different strategies for formulating effective energy policies. For example, the use of incandescent light bulbs instead of CFL light bulbs has been an interesting observation made by such researchers as they explore different human habits that have an impact on energy and climate policy (Reiss and White 2008). Another interesting observation has been the popular focus on commodity prices as opposed to product lifecycle and the purchase of extraordinarily big houses (that consume a lot of ene rgy) as opposed to moderately sized houses which are energy efficient (Gowdy 1998). A recent study by Pollitt (2011) reports that home energy choices and personal lifestyle choices account for close to 40% of the total energy consumption in America alone. Consequently, this study has prompted economists to estimate that within the next decade, focusing on positive behavioural change can lead to a 20% to 30% reduction in energy costs (Pollitt 2011). Due to the unique human behaviours present in today’s society, it is difficult to ignore the impact behavioural economics have on energy and climate policy. Energy and climate policies can, therefore, be improved by focusing on the contributions of positive behavioural economics on energy policies. This paper focuses on exploring the current situation concerning behavioural economics and climate policy. Subsequently, this paper seeks to investigate the potential (or actual) use of appropriate techniques from behavioural economics a nd the impact such a methodology may have on initiating positive behavioural change (viz-a-viz energy and climate policy).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, to be fair to proponents and critics of behavioural economics (as a process of influencing climate and energy policies), this paper will also review the arguments for and against the use of behavioural economics. These analyses will be done sequentially. However, to improve the understanding of the research problem, it is crucial to have a proper conceptual understanding of the research problem. Conceptual Understanding The role of behavioural economics in predicting energy demand and energy efficiency has often been contrasted with insights from neo-classical theorists (Camerer 2004). As explained in earlier sections of this paper, behavioural economics borrows from psychological influences of human behaviour (to explain the power of economics). Neo-classical theorists often propose the view that maximum utility can be realised through exponential discounting (Pollitt 2011). This outcome is often realised when agents have free access to information. Partially, the same outcome is also perceived as a parsimonious model of how economic decisions are made, but empirical research studies have shown that there is a big difference in the outcome of traditional models and behaviour induced models (Gowdy 2007, p. 2). Explicitly, traditional models have tried to explain many things, including the varied reasons for high returns on equity (as opposed to bond returns), why there are many untapped methods for reducing energy demand (through energy-efficient policies) and why people prefer to pursue short-term gains at the expense of long-term gains (O’Donoghue and Rabin 2000). From the weakness of neoclassical economists, behavioural economics has emerged as an alternative way to model decision- making because this alternative model is more congruent with empirical experiments (predicting human behaviour) and it has a higher accuracy when compared to other models founded on neo-classical ideals (Pollitt 2011). Current Approaches Even though there has been a strong appeal to consider behavioural economics as a crucial predictor of energy and climate policies, traditional economists often focused on the impact prices have on consumer behaviour (Hanser 2010). Consequently, many economic and environmental debates have been characterised by how much energy can be saved by increasing the price of environmentally unfriendly goods. Companies and institutions have also embarked on purchasing energy-efficient appliances and machines. The same trend has trickled down to households. However, after comparing the â€Å"price† approach to the previously mentioned influences of behavioural economics on climate and energy policies, it is correct to say that traditional economists hav e reversed the study of behavioural economics to be an aftermath of energy prices as opposed to a precursor to energy prices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Behavioural Economics in Energy and Climate Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, traditionally, economists and psychologists have affirmed that non-pecuniary interventions on energy and climate change policies have often compared favourably to financial interventions aimed at influencing consumer behaviour (Pollitt 2011). Through the same analysis, it has been affirmed that judiciously applied pecuniary interventions have significantly increased the efficiency of financial interventions aimed at influencing consumer behaviour. Consequently, many researchers have had an increased interest to understand the power of behavioural economics on consumer behaviour. Precisely, the increased interests of such researchers have been seen in the current understanding of public health, public finance and public law. Potential (Or Actual) Use of Appropriate Techniques from Behavioural Economics Issues of energy conservation and energy efficiency have featured prominently in many of today’s political and economic debates (Newell and Stavins 2004, p. 79). However, climate change concerns have elevated these issues to the forefront of policy dialogue. In a 2010 report made by the international energy association, it was estimated that close to 35% of the global decrease in carbon emission would be solely attributed to energy efficiency (Pollitt 2011). Consequently, renewed focus on climate talk has been on the manner people use energy and the criteria used to make energy-efficient choices. Undoubtedly, the extent of energy conservation or energy efficiency anticipated in the coming decades largely depends on consumer interventions and behaviour. From this understanding alone, Pollitt (2011) observes that the role of consumer behaviour in making energy choices has generated a keen interest in the development of energy policies and recommendations because consumer choices have a strong impact on energy demand. In addition, consumer behaviours have a strong effect on assessing the effectiveness of energy policy interventions. From this understanding alone, it is correct to say that behavioural economists can offer new perspectives that influence policy design (Pesendorfer 2006). However, even as policymakers ponder on new ways to better formulate energy policies, it should be understood that energy policies do not only revolve around the realms of climate change because other factors such as the security of energy supply and energy affordability also play a vital role in energy policy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this understanding, Gunther (2009) explains that â€Å"Climate policy significantly interacts with both forms of these elements of energy policy via the introduction of expensive and intermittent renewable electricity and heat† (p. 1). From this statement, Gunther (2009) proposes that if energy demand is subject to consumer behaviour, consumer behaviour can be used as a start to induce renewable energy choices. Nonetheless, it is also vital to point out that if issues of energy supply and affordability are ignored, it is going to be difficult to realise the full potential of revised energy policies. De Martino (2006) observes that based on the understanding that the model of extreme rationality has significantly failed to predict (correctly) human behaviour; there is a strong need to introduce a new methodology that correctly predicts human behaviour. Issues of energy demand and climate change are complex activities, which cannot be correctly understood by a simple ap plication of rational behaviour. This understanding sets the ground for replacing the rational actor model by models that incorporate the regularities of human behaviour. This is where behavioural economics sources its strength. Focusing on energy and climate policy, the potential of behavioural economics in mitigating the impact of global warming and decreasing energy demand is only limited by our imagination. To understand this statement, it is essential to think beyond rational choice and optimisation. Economists have in the past failed to offer the right guidance on the ways to limit fossil fuel use, beyond the strategies adopted in market situations. However, as Gowdy (2007) observes, energy and climate issues go beyond this understanding. The reasoning behind this statement stems from the fact that people living in the world today may postpone future environmental gains for lavish short-term gains like driving big cars, living in lavish houses, going for expensive holidays (an d similar lifestyle choices). The environment is left to choke at these choices. Global warming is, however, a complexity of the interaction between environmental well-being and economic production. Therefore, issues such as the increase of prices or the introduction of carbon taxes are mere secondary concerns in the entire debate. However, this statement does not imply that such policies are ineffective; there is only a stronger need to go beyond public policy rhetoric that assigns property rates and raises commodity prices (Gowdy 2007). Here, the perception should be that incentives should not just be prices but a culturally conditioned situation that is characterised by human behaviour. Another plausible argument for weighing the potential of behavioural economics in climate change talk is the criticism levelled against introducing monetary incentives. Relying on assumptions that monetary incentives are likely to show the desired outcomes that positive climate talk seeks to reali se is a flaw (Gowdy 2007). In fact, behavioural studies show that sometimes, the mere mention of money may hinder the realisation of social good (Gowdy 2007). These studies have further affirmed that financial incentives can possible crowd out urges of civic responsibility among individuals. Consequently, it is correct to point out that monetary incentives can discourage the behaviours needed to solve communal problems like climate change or similar socio-economic issues. Therefore, contrary to the policy recommendations advanced by most economists today, purely relying of financial incentives may have a perverse effect on climate change. Arguments for the Use of Behavioural Economics Behavioural economics has shown a lot of potential to the understanding of how we can mitigate the effects of climate change. This potential lies in the uniquely humanistic attribute of realising cooperation across a sea of diversity. For example, human beings can cooperate across cultures, geographica l spaces and generational divides, thereby elevating the human species to be extensively superior to other mammals. Tapping into this potential outlines the advantages that can be realised by adopting behavioural economics. Research outcomes have changed dramatically after the adoption of behavioural economics because behavioural economics has instituted the adoption of experiments to explore different outcomes (Gowdy 2007). For example, as explained in earlier sections of this paper, traditional axioms of human behaviour have been tested by the adoption of behavioural economics and the findings have shown that traditional models fall short of human behavioural outcomes. Consequently, it is untenable for economists to claim that human behaviour is specifically motivated by rational choice. Similarly, it is even more difficult for economists to claim that human behaviour follows the law or any other tenet of rational behaviour (Loewnstein 2004). Behavioural economics bears a strong u nderstanding of how climate change and energy policies can be properly formulated because it touches on the very premise that influences climate change – human behaviour (Shogren and Taylor 2008). Therefore, there is no better basis for understanding energy policies than through the comprehension of human behaviour. For example, the influence of social norms on understanding household economic behaviour has been studied by researchers to explain the influence of behavioural economics on energy consumption (Pollitt 2011). The practicability of such studies has been witnessed through efforts by certain global organisations to change household energy consumption by availing information regarding the consumption of other people as an indicator of the influence of social norms on household energy demands. The results of such studies have been largely successful. In a study done by Nolan (2008) on Californian households in the US, it was established that placing door hangers descri bing various energy conservation messages had a stronger impact on the reduction of energy demand as opposed to placing door hangers, which shared energy conservation tips. The difference in the reduction of energy demand between these two experiments was reported at 10% (Pollitt 2011, p. 12). These findings mirror similar findings by an American company known as OPOWER. OPOWER did an experiment on 600,000 American households where it posted reports showing the differences in energy consumption among neighbourhoods. In the same study, the households were given energy conservation tips. The study included the participation of 23 utilities in the US. Six of these utilities were deemed the largest in the country. After completing the study, it was reported that there was a 1.11% to 2.78% reduction in energy consumption among the households. The reduction in energy demand (cited in the above studies) shows the true effect of behavioural economics on energy conservation and energy demand . These parameters have a stronger impact on mitigating the impact of climate change. Costa and Kahn (2010) did a follow-up study on the OPOWER experiment and found out that the results were heterogeneous among the households included in the study. The true effect of the experiment was, however, seen to be more effective for liberal households that conservative households. Nonetheless, it was evident from the experiments that the true effect of behavioural economics on motivating viable policy alternatives was undisputable. Arguments against the Use of Behavioural Economics Some of the arguments levelled against the use of behavioural economics in influencing energy policies stem from the extent of influence behavioural economics have on energy policy. Some researchers such as Loewenstein and Ubel (2010) observe that it is not right to rely on policy interventions, which are purely based on behavioural economics because the energy savings generated from such interventions are dismal . For example, concerning the OPOWER experiment, Loewenstein and Ubel (2010) observe that it would probably be more beneficial to introduce carbon tax as a measure to reduce the impact of global warming. There have also been some conceptual weaknesses of behavioural economics, which have been identified to strengthen arguments against it. For example, Pollitt (2011) observes that the greatest weakness of behavioural economics literature is its violation of the rational actor model as an â€Å"anomaly†. Researchers explain that the rational mind is often embroiled in a tag of war with the emotive mind (Ostrom 1998, p. 1). Proponents of behavioural economics rely on this view to explain the influence of the methodology on economic issues. However, biologists and neurobiologists oppose this view by explaining that the human brain is a unified system that is characterised by complementary parts as opposed to conflicting parts (Glimcher 2005). Therefore, the â€Å"anomalies† presented above are in fact, what distinguishes human beings from other animals. Interestingly, the rational actor model is deemed appropriate for other animals but not human beings (Arkes 1999, p. 591). Conclusion Effective energy and climate change policies have been very elusive for most policymakers. This paper proposes that, perhaps, the problem has been the ignorance of behavioural economic factors in the entire debate of climate talk. Behavioural economics is shown to be more effective in predicting human behaviour when compared to other models of predicting human behaviour (advanced by neo-classical theories). Based on this strength alone, it has been much easier to adopt behavioural economics when trying to influence climate change positively. This paper cites studies, which have shown that behavioural economics have a positive impact of reducing energy levels among communities. Its accuracy stems from the fact that it correctly predicts human behaviour. However, the stre ngth of behavioural economics in influencing energy and climate policies hail from the fact that the methodology touches on the centre of climate change – human behaviour. Therefore, influencing human behaviour is bound to have a strong effect on influencing positive human behaviour to realise positive environmental outcomes. Going forward, more studies need to be done to ascertain the extent that behavioural economics can have on realising the goal of having an environmentally consciousness society. References Amir, O 2005, ‘Psychology, behavioural economics, and public policy’, Marketing Letters, vol. 16, pp. 443-454. Arkes, H 1999, ‘The sunk cost and concorde effects: Are humans less rational than lower animals?’, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 125, pp. 591-600. Camerer, C 2004, Advances in Behavioural Economics, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Costa, D Kahn, M 2010, Energy Conservation â€Å"Nudges† and Environmentalist Ideology: Evi dence from a Randomized residential electricity Field Experiment, National Bureau of Economics research, Massachusetts. De Martino, B 2006, ‘Frames, Biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain’, Science, vol. 313, pp. 684-687. Glimcher, P 2005, ‘Physiological utility theory and the neuroeconomics of choice’, Games and Economic Behaviour, vol. 52, pp. 213-256. Gowdy, J 1998, Limited Wants, Infinite Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer  Economics and the Environment, Island Press, New York. Gowdy, J 2007, Behavioural Economics and Climate Change Policies. Web. Gunther, M 2009, When Behavioural Economics Meets Climate Change, Guess What’s Coming for Dinner? Web. Hanser, P 2010, ‘On dynamic prices: a clash of beliefs?’, The Electricity Journal, vol. 23 no. 6, pp. 36–38. Loewnstein, G 2004, Out of control: visceral influences on behaviour, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Loewenstein, G Ubel, P 2010, Economics behavi ng badly, Times, New York. Newell, R Stavins, R 2004, The Economics of energy efficiency, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Nolan, J 2008, ‘Normative Social influence is under detected’, Personality and Psychology Bulletin, vol. 34 no. 7, pp. 914-923. O’Donoghue, T Rabin, M 2000, ‘The economics of immediate gratification’, Journal of Behavioural Decision Making, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 233–250. Ostrom, E 1998, ‘A behavioural approach to the rational choice theory of collective action’, American Political Science Review, vol. 92 no. 1, pp. 1–22. Pesendorfer, W 2006, ‘Behavioural economics comes of age: a review essay on Advances in Behavioural Economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 44 no. 3, pp. 712–721. Pollitt, M 2011, The Role of Behavioural economics in Energy and Climate policy. Web. Reiss, P White, M 2008, ‘What changes energy consumption? Prices and public preasures’, Journal of Economics, vol. 39 no. 3, pp. 636†663. Shogren, F Taylor, L 2008, ‘On behavioural†environmental economics’, Review of  Environmental Economics and Policy, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 26†44. This essay on The Role of Behavioural Economics in Energy and Climate Policy was written and submitted by user Kimber A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Use Of Love In Troilus And Criseyde

Page 1 Scholars of Chaucer agree that Latin poet Dante influenced the former’s writing of Troilus and Criseyde. As Barry Windeatt says, â€Å"Close verbal parallels are relatively few, but there a range of significant parallels in both poets’†¦understanding of love†¦which suggest how Chaucer may have had the example of the Divine Comedy in mind as he worked on his Troilus† (125-6). The extent of Dante’s influence has remained an issue of debate, especially when talking about the closing stanzas of Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde. What exactly do the last six stanzas of Troilus and Criseyde mean? Are they a reference to Dante’s Divine Comedy, and if so, how much of a reference are they? Was Chaucer reiterating Dante’s thoughts on love, or was he mocking them? It is my argument that the narrator of Troilus and Criseyde, while not completely condemning earthly love, ultimately agrees with Dante’s implication in the Divine Comedy that people should focus their attention on the Divine Love of Go! d instead of the earthly love of humans, because it is only through God’s Love that one can reach heaven. My claim will be supported by dividing the paper into two parts. The first part will deal with how Troilus and Criseyde’s narrator is taking the Christian perspective of why humans should look towards God’s Love. The second will deal with how Chaucer deviates from Dante in the fact that the narrator of Troilus and Criseyde doesn’t completely denounce earthly love. My thoughts will be established by focusing on the final six stanzas of Troilus and Criseyde while drawing from other sources I feel are valid, including other sections of Troilus and Criseyde, Dante’s Divine Comedy, other critics’ thoughts, and Chaucer’s biography. Page 2 First I will discuss the issue of Troilus and Criseyde’s narrator ultimately agreeing with Dante’s thoughts of the Divine Comedy, that people should focus their attention on... Free Essays on The Use Of Love In Troilus And Criseyde Free Essays on The Use Of Love In Troilus And Criseyde Page 1 Scholars of Chaucer agree that Latin poet Dante influenced the former’s writing of Troilus and Criseyde. As Barry Windeatt says, â€Å"Close verbal parallels are relatively few, but there a range of significant parallels in both poets’†¦understanding of love†¦which suggest how Chaucer may have had the example of the Divine Comedy in mind as he worked on his Troilus† (125-6). The extent of Dante’s influence has remained an issue of debate, especially when talking about the closing stanzas of Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde. What exactly do the last six stanzas of Troilus and Criseyde mean? Are they a reference to Dante’s Divine Comedy, and if so, how much of a reference are they? Was Chaucer reiterating Dante’s thoughts on love, or was he mocking them? It is my argument that the narrator of Troilus and Criseyde, while not completely condemning earthly love, ultimately agrees with Dante’s implication in the Divine Comedy that people should focus their attention on the Divine Love of Go! d instead of the earthly love of humans, because it is only through God’s Love that one can reach heaven. My claim will be supported by dividing the paper into two parts. The first part will deal with how Troilus and Criseyde’s narrator is taking the Christian perspective of why humans should look towards God’s Love. The second will deal with how Chaucer deviates from Dante in the fact that the narrator of Troilus and Criseyde doesn’t completely denounce earthly love. My thoughts will be established by focusing on the final six stanzas of Troilus and Criseyde while drawing from other sources I feel are valid, including other sections of Troilus and Criseyde, Dante’s Divine Comedy, other critics’ thoughts, and Chaucer’s biography. Page 2 First I will discuss the issue of Troilus and Criseyde’s narrator ultimately agreeing with Dante’s thoughts of the Divine Comedy, that people should focus their attention on...

Environmental economics. Article review 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental economics. Article review 4 - Essay Example This was done by monitoring their presence in automobile filters. Furthermore, it is checked using rain water which may contain the isotopes. It has been a great worry to most researchers, scientists and writers at large. Therefore thorough checking in all possible components in the environment that can be contaminated is analyzed. Food is one such an area of major concern to these interested parties (Smith1 et al, 2014). Analysis of the samples suspected to contain heavy metals and isotopes is done using spectroscopy techniques. During analysis of the dangerous rays and substances, safety measures are taken into account to avoid accidents. For instance, shielding against cosmic rays is done. Air sampling is carried out using an air sampler to assist in determination of gamma emitting fission products from the site of occurrence. This is done with high efficiency while observing safety. Filter exchange is also done after a period of about twenty four hours. First findings indicated that Half-life of Iodine isotopes were 8 days for that with atomic number 131 and for that with atomic number of 132 took 2.3 hours. These findings were essential for establishment of a sample gamma spectrum that could give a good visual representation of findings. However, that alone is not sufficient and other sources of samples have to be considered. Therefore automobile air filters come into play. Priority is given to analysis of sample deemed to release radio isotopes that have the capability to harm or affect people. The technique aims at measuring airborne contamination degree (Smith1 et al, 2014). Samples up to about one thousand two hundreds are used to ascertain the level of available radio isotopes. They are estimated using an odometer or through monitoring of fuel consumption of the vehicles. Screening helps the researchers to get alerts of any possible contaminants. This sets the area apart and gives a